Epoch
Also known as: Consensus Cycle, Staking Period, Validator Interval
A fixed time interval used in blockchain protocols for validator rotation, rewards, or consensus checkpoints.
An epoch is a predefined period in blockchain networks used to group blocks or trigger scheduled protocol actions. In Proof of Stake systems, epochs are crucial for rotating validators, distributing staking rewards, or finalizing checkpoints. The length and purpose of an epoch vary by protocol. Ethereum uses epochs in its Beacon Chain for consensus organization and slashing enforcement. Cardano and Polkadot also use epoch-based systems for validator elections and block production cycles. Epochs provide regular structure to blockchain governance and security processes.