Monolithic Blockchain
Also known as: Unified Blockchain Architecture, Single-Layer Blockchain, All-in-One Blockchain
A blockchain where all core functions—execution, consensus, and data availability—are performed on a single layer.
A monolithic blockchain integrates all essential functions—execution, consensus, and data availability—within one protocol layer. This contrasts with modular blockchains that separate these responsibilities. Examples of monolithic blockchains include Bitcoin and Ethereum (pre-rollup). While monolithic architectures offer simplicity and tight integration, they can suffer from scalability bottlenecks, as all nodes must process all transactions. Monolithic chains are easier to design and operate initially but may face limits in handling high-throughput use cases. Scaling such chains often requires on-chain upgrades, sharding, or external Layer 2 solutions.